Reverse osmosis is very dense and has a very high removal rate for viruses, phages and bacteria, at least above 3log (removal rate>99.9%).
However, it should also be noted that in many cases, microbial re-growth may still occur on the water side of the membrane, which mainly depends on the way of assembly, monitoring and maintenance.
That is to say, the ability of a system to remove microorganisms depends critically on It depends on whether the system design, operation and management are appropriate rather than the nature of the membrane element itself.
